Math and Logic Puzzles: Redux

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Post Post #125 (ISO) » Sun May 24, 2020 8:19 am

Post by StrangerCoug »

Bringing back the sudoku puzzles:
452
5137
9
547
318
652
7
2169
873
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Post Post #126 (ISO) » Sun May 24, 2020 8:45 am

Post by Mitillos »

Spoiler:
413752869
856149327
729683154
582364971
934217685
167598432
348925716
271436598
695871243


Edit:
Spoiler: @Scigatt
I don't think your proof works. You appear to be proving some kind of converse to the statement? You end up with the assertion that the lines drawn are of equal length, but that's given by the problem statement.
You don't have ambiguity; you have
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Post Post #127 (ISO) » Sun May 24, 2020 8:51 am

Post by StrangerCoug »

Sudoku is good :)
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Post Post #128 (ISO) » Sun May 24, 2020 10:25 am

Post by Scigatt »

In post 126, Mitillos wrote:
Spoiler: @Scigatt
I don't think your proof works. You appear to be proving some kind of converse to the statement? You end up with the assertion that the lines drawn are of equal length, but that's given by the problem statement.
Spoiler:
I prove that that particular circle crosses the extended sides at the right places to recreate the original setup. Therefore, when I have the original setup, we know that circle satisfies the requirements.
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Post Post #129 (ISO) » Sun May 24, 2020 10:52 am

Post by Mitillos »

Edit: Thinking about it some more.

Edit2: Yeah, I missed a couple of critical sentences there. It works.
You don't have ambiguity; you have
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Post Post #130 (ISO) » Sun May 24, 2020 11:14 am

Post by StrangerCoug »

Here's a more challenging sudoku I came up with that should be visually interesting as well:
684
7913
85
6891
426
2674
74
5342
179
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Post Post #131 (ISO) » Sun May 24, 2020 12:16 pm

Post by Mitillos »

Spoiler:
632785194
574961238
918432567
765849312
481523976
329617845
297156483
856394721
143278659
You don't have ambiguity; you have
options
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Post Post #132 (ISO) » Sun May 24, 2020 12:21 pm

Post by StrangerCoug »

Correct :D
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Post Post #133 (ISO) » Mon May 25, 2020 11:07 am

Post by StrangerCoug »

Here's another fun sudoku one, and this one is part one of a two-parter:

The below is a hyper sudoku puzzle, also known as a "windoku" puzzle. The standard rules apply except with one additional restraint: four "window panes", partly overlapping each of the nine boxes, are shaded gray, and each pane must also have the digits from 1 to 9 exactly once. Here is the puzzle:
Image
Part 1, as in my last two questions, is to solve the windoku puzzle. Part 2 will be posted when the correct solution is posted.
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Post Post #134 (ISO) » Mon May 25, 2020 12:08 pm

Post by Mitillos »

Spoiler:
Image
You don't have ambiguity; you have
options
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Post Post #135 (ISO) » Mon May 25, 2020 5:53 pm

Post by StrangerCoug »

Very good :) Now...

Spoiler: Part two
Take the solution:
Image
...and note that that not only do the four window panes contain every number from 1 to 9, but the cells colored pink, yellow, green, and blue in the solution grid as well as the cells left white below also contain every number from 1 to 9:
Image

Prove that this is true in general for any hyper sudoku puzzle.
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Post Post #136 (ISO) » Mon May 25, 2020 6:18 pm

Post by Mitillos »

Spoiler:
Any collection of 3 rows (resp. columns) must have each number 1 to 9 exactly three times. The windows account for one copy of each number each. Since each of the green and blue (resp. pink and yellow) sets combine with two windows to make three rows (resp. columns), each of those sets must account for a copy of each number. Thus we have 8 sets (4 windows, 4 colours) each accounting for one copy of each number. The remaining (white) cells must account for the ninth and final copy of each number.
You don't have ambiguity; you have
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Post Post #137 (ISO) » Tue May 26, 2020 4:03 am

Post by StrangerCoug »

Looks good to me :)
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Post Post #138 (ISO) » Mon Jul 27, 2020 11:53 am

Post by word321 »

hmm
Ill try to keep alive this section

I guess a lot of different ppl come to this thread, so here is one constructive in nature that can (supposedly) be enjoyed by ppl with different degrees of knowledge; it also serves as basis to expand ur knowledge of math while we r at it (if u didnt know about it already)!
To solve this u will need basic algebra (think about working with the x and decomposing a number in prime factors) and know about sum and multiplication.

So first lets begin with an operation:
Module
.
We will write the module operation between 2 numbers x and y with the symbol % (x%y) and read it as "x module y".
The intuition behind module is the remainder of an integer division; 9%2=1, for example, because 9/2= 8/2+1/2; 8/2=4, but 1 is left as a remainder, as it can not be divided by 2 into an integer number.
Formally, we say that p%q=r if and only if there exists an integer n such as p=n*q+r, with r>=0 and r<q.

U can prove it if u want, but it is not necessary, that the operation is well defined and whatever formality nitpicks u have.

Modules generalize a lot of the concepts we work with, and we use that operation constantly, even if we dnt realize it. Want an example? Lets say it is 5:30 Pm; wich minute well have in 92 minutes? Those quick at calculating stuff will now it will be 7:02; it is 60+30+2 +the initial 30, rendering 60+60+2. The answer to wich minute is it is the answer to (30+92)%60; with hours, it works the same way. if it is 23:00, in 48 hours it will be 23:00, and in 5 hours it will be 4:00; that is a module by 24.

so, lets go to the challenges:


1. Prove that % is distributed over addition, that is:
(x+y)%z=(x%z+y%z)%z

Examples:
(5%3+11%3)%3=(2+2)%3=1=(5+11)%3

Hint:
Spoiler:
Lets say that x%z=p, that y%z=q; furthermore, lets say that x=m*z+p and that y=n*z+q; sum those values and reach the conclusion.



2. Prove that the sum of 2 numbers is even if and only if both numers are even or both numbers are odd

Hint:
Spoiler:
Prove that x is even if x%2=0 and odd if x%2=1, and use the above.



3. Prove that the same thing above occurs with multiplication:
(x*y)%z=(x%z*y%z)%z

Example:
(7%3)*(11%3)%3=(1*2)%3=2=(7*11)%3=77%3 (75=3*25)

Hint:
Spoiler:
See the hint for the first question.



Now comes the FUN stuff! Well, if u r stilll with me it must mean u r having fun, right? Right? Well, if u r:
Remember those tricks we used when we were learning the multiplicaction table and what nots? now well prove some of them:

4. Prove that a number is a multiple of 2 if the last digit is a multiple of 2, and that a number is multiple of 5 if the last digit is 0 or 5.

Hint:
Spoiler:
The last digit of a number n can be represented by n%10 (prove it). Decompose a number in r+10*x+100*y+1000*z...; apply the first and the third exercises to reach the conclusion.



5. Prove that a number is multiple of 3 if the sum of its digits is a multiple of 3

Hint:
Spoiler:
Note that 10%3=1; for further hints, see the hint of the previous exercise.



6. What is the last digit of 7^49?

Hint:
Spoiler:
Use the third exercise with 7^i%10, for i=1, 2,.... Do u see a pattern?



So there it is! The idea was to be doable by a lot of ppl (hopefully), and at the same time answering some of the mysteries we might have had on the school. Remember to spoiler ur answers, and leave more puzzles/exercises/challenges!
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Post Post #139 (ISO) » Mon Jul 27, 2020 12:55 pm

Post by Ircher »

In post 138, word321 wrote:1. Prove that % is distributed over addition, that is:
(x+y)%z=(x%z+y%z)%z
Spoiler: My Solution
1. Let x, y, z be arbitrary integers. Let a1 = x % z and a2 = y % z. Then by the definition of module, there exist integers q1 and q2 such that x = q1*z + a1 and y = q2*z + a2. Then, x + y = (q1 * z + a1) + (q2 * z + a2) = (q1 + q2)z + (a1 + a2) = (q1 + q2)z + (x % z + y % z). If 0 <= (x % z + y % z) < z then (x % z + y % z) is clearly the result of (x + y) % z. (Applying % z again to this quantity won't change its value.) If (x % z + y % z) >= z, then we can express (x + y) as (q1 + q2 + 1)z + (x % z + y % z - z). Note that in this case, 0 <= (x % z + y % z - z) < z. (Note that (x % z + y % z < 2z.) Otherwise, x % z + y % z < 0, so (x + y) = (q1 + q2 - 1)z + (x % z + y % z + z), and once more, 0 < (x % z + y % z + z) < z. Thus, (x % z + y % z) % z must be the result of (x + y) % z. Q.E.D.


I will note that #2 is much easier to do by directly applying the definitions of even and odd versus using the module operation.
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Post Post #140 (ISO) » Mon Jul 27, 2020 1:24 pm

Post by word321 »

the solution is correct!
and u r right, it is "easy" to prove 2 by hand; but I blv it is more of an issue with notation. The core principle of doing it directly and using the % notation is the same, calling the same thing with different names; but I left it there just to illustrate the logic to be used in further demostrations (so ppl can "adapt" to "adding things module something").
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Post Post #141 (ISO) » Fri Sep 18, 2020 4:03 am

Post by StrangerCoug »

Let z1 and z2 be two complex numbers whose magnitudes are r1 and r2 respectively and whose phases are φ1 and φ2 respectively. Prove algebraically that z1z2 = r1r2 cis(φ1 + φ2), where cis(φ) = cos(φ) + i sin(φ).
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Post Post #142 (ISO) » Fri Sep 18, 2020 4:44 am

Post by D3f3nd3r »

I’d love to see if I remember how to do this, but as an electrical engineer I’m pretty sure I’d get forced out of this thread for my use of j.
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Post Post #143 (ISO) » Fri Sep 18, 2020 5:21 am

Post by StrangerCoug »

I will understand you if you use j. Thanks for the heads up.
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Post Post #144 (ISO) » Fri Sep 18, 2020 5:53 am

Post by D3f3nd3r »

I mean if anyone else wants it go ahead, I’m only about a year and a half removed from my complex variables class...
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Post Post #145 (ISO) » Sat Sep 26, 2020 5:45 am

Post by StrangerCoug »

In post 141, StrangerCoug wrote:Let z1 and z2 be two complex numbers whose magnitudes are r1 and r2 respectively and whose phases are φ1 and φ2 respectively. Prove algebraically that z1z2 = r1r2 cis(φ1 + φ2), where cis(φ) = cos(φ) + i sin(φ).
Spoiler: Hint
How do you convert between the rectangular form and the polar form of a complex number?
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Post Post #146 (ISO) » Fri Oct 30, 2020 12:43 pm

Post by Ircher »

In post 141, StrangerCoug wrote:Let z1 and z2 be two complex numbers whose magnitudes are r1 and r2 respectively and whose phases are φ1 and φ2 respectively. Prove algebraically that z1z2 = r1r2 cis(φ1 + φ2), where cis(φ) = cos(φ) + i sin(φ).
Spoiler: My Attempt
Let z1 and z2 be complex numbers with magnitudes r1 and r2 and phases phi1 and phi2 respectively. Then (in polar form), z1 = r1(cos(phi1) + i * sin(phi1)) and z2 = r2(cos(phi2) + i * sin(phi2)). Then:

z1z2 = (r1*cos(phi1) + i * r1 * sin(phi1)) * (r2 * cos(phi2) + i * r2 * sin(phi2))
= r1 * r2 * cos(phi1) * cos(phi2) + i * r1 * r2 * cos(phi1) * sin(phi2) + i * r1 * r2 * sin(phi1) * cos(phi1) + i * i * r1 * r2 * sin(phi1) * sin(phi2)
= r1 * r2 * (cos(phi1) * cos(phi2) + i * cos(phi1) * sin(phi2) + i * cos(phi2) * sin(phi1) - sin(phi1) * sin(phi2)
= r1 * r2 * (cos(phi1 + phi2) + i * sin(phi1 + phi2))
= r1 * r2 * cis(phi1 + phi2).\box

Not too bad of a problem.
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Post Post #147 (ISO) » Fri Oct 30, 2020 1:11 pm

Post by StrangerCoug »

Spoiler: Response to Ircher's attempt
In post 146, Ircher wrote:= r1 * r2 * (cos(phi1) * cos(phi2) + i * cos(phi1) * sin(phi2) + i * cos(phi2) * sin(phi1) - sin(phi1) * sin(phi2)
You have an unmatched parenthesis on this line. Where should the other closing parenthesis go?
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Post Post #148 (ISO) » Fri Oct 30, 2020 1:19 pm

Post by Ircher »

In post 147, StrangerCoug wrote:
Spoiler: Response to Ircher's attempt
In post 146, Ircher wrote:= r1 * r2 * (cos(phi1) * cos(phi2) + i * cos(phi1) * sin(phi2) + i * cos(phi2) * sin(phi1) - sin(phi1) * sin(phi2)
You have an unmatched parenthesis on this line. Where should the other closing parenthesis go?
Spoiler:
Ah, it should go at the end of the line, so revised proof:

Let z1 and z2 be complex numbers with magnitudes r1 and r2 and phases phi1 and phi2 respectively. Then (in polar form), z1 = r1(cos(phi1) + i * sin(phi1)) and z2 = r2(cos(phi2) + i * sin(phi2)). Then:

z1z2 = (r1*cos(phi1) + i * r1 * sin(phi1)) * (r2 * cos(phi2) + i * r2 * sin(phi2))
= r1 * r2 * cos(phi1) * cos(phi2) + i * r1 * r2 * cos(phi1) * sin(phi2) + i * r1 * r2 * sin(phi1) * cos(phi1) + i * i * r1 * r2 * sin(phi1) * sin(phi2)
= r1 * r2 * (cos(phi1) * cos(phi2) + i * cos(phi1) * sin(phi2) + i * cos(phi2) * sin(phi1) - sin(phi1) * sin(phi2))
= r1 * r2 * (cos(phi1 + phi2) + i * sin(phi1 + phi2))
= r1 * r2 * cis(phi1 + phi2).\box
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Post Post #149 (ISO) » Fri Oct 30, 2020 4:18 pm

Post by StrangerCoug »

In post 148, Ircher wrote:
In post 147, StrangerCoug wrote:
Spoiler: Response to Ircher's attempt
In post 146, Ircher wrote:= r1 * r2 * (cos(phi1) * cos(phi2) + i * cos(phi1) * sin(phi2) + i * cos(phi2) * sin(phi1) - sin(phi1) * sin(phi2)
You have an unmatched parenthesis on this line. Where should the other closing parenthesis go?
Spoiler:
Ah, it should go at the end of the line, so revised proof:

Let z1 and z2 be complex numbers with magnitudes r1 and r2 and phases phi1 and phi2 respectively. Then (in polar form), z1 = r1(cos(phi1) + i * sin(phi1)) and z2 = r2(cos(phi2) + i * sin(phi2)). Then:

z1z2 = (r1*cos(phi1) + i * r1 * sin(phi1)) * (r2 * cos(phi2) + i * r2 * sin(phi2))
= r1 * r2 * cos(phi1) * cos(phi2) + i * r1 * r2 * cos(phi1) * sin(phi2) + i * r1 * r2 * sin(phi1) * cos(phi1) + i * i * r1 * r2 * sin(phi1) * sin(phi2)
= r1 * r2 * (cos(phi1) * cos(phi2) + i * cos(phi1) * sin(phi2) + i * cos(phi2) * sin(phi1) - sin(phi1) * sin(phi2))
= r1 * r2 * (cos(phi1 + phi2) + i * sin(phi1 + phi2))
= r1 * r2 * cis(phi1 + phi2).\box
Spoiler:
Looks good :)
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