Spoiler: L1 skull and associated bones
ez stuff
superior, inferior
anterior, posterior
medial, lateral
proximal, distal
ventral, dorsal
cranial, caudal
coronal (frontal)
transverse (cross/axial)
sagittal (median, paramedian) - midsagittal, parasagittal
-
- support weight and facilitate movement
- carpals, tarsals
- provide stability, some movement
- skull,
- protect internal organs
-
- protect internal organs, some movement
-
- reinforce tendons/protect from wear
- support face
- protect brain, eyes, hearing/balance organs
- movement (muscle attachments)
- store minerals and lipids
- hematopoiesis, especially in diploe
-
-
- auditory ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes
- hyoid
~specific features on skull bones~
- greater and lesser wings
- medial and lateral pterygoid plates
- sella turcica (
- cribiform plate
- crista galli
- ramus
- angle
- body: mental foramen, mandibular foramen, symphysis menti
- condylar head of ramus of mandible articulates with glenoid fossa of temporal bone
- bilaterial & synovial
- coronal, sagittal, squamosal, lambdoidal,
- serrate e.g. sagittal, coronal, lambdoidal
- lap e.g. squamosal
- plane e.g. maxillary (between each 1/2 of hard palate)
- only in babies; ossify as child grows to 9-18 months
- anterior and posterior
- during birth, they enable bony plates of skull to flex for baby's head to pass through birth canal
foramen magnum, external auditory meatus, supra-orbital foramen/notch, infra-orbital foramen, mental foramen, optic canal, superior orbital fissure, inferior orbital fissure, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, foramen lacerum, carotid canal, jugular foramen/notch
- frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal,
- all communicate w/ nasal cavity
- largest communication semilunar hiatus -> maxillary sinus
2 incisors, 2 canines, 2 premolars, 3 molars,
- robustness
- vault: bossing/eminences, slope of forehead
- glabella
- mastoid process
- external occipital protuberance
- mental eminence
- sharpness of supraorbital margins
|end of L1|
terms of relationship
superior, inferior
(L. super: above; inferus: low)
anterior, posterior
(L. ante: before; post: after
medial, lateral
(L. medius: middle; latus: side)
proximal, distal
(L. proximus: nearest; distare: to be distant from)
ventral, dorsal
(L. venter: belly; dorsum: back)
cranial, caudal
(G. kranion: skull; L. cauda: tail)
planes
coronal (frontal)
(L. corona: crown)
transverse (cross/axial)
(L. trans: across; vertere: to turn)
sagittal (median, paramedian) - midsagittal, parasagittal
(L. sagitta: arrow)
axial skeleton
80
bones in adult, 22
of which in skull appendicular skeleton
126
bones in adultbone classification
long:
shaft (diaphysis) with ends (epiphysis), metaphysis between them(G. dia: through; epi: upon; meta: after; phusis: growth)
-
femur
, tibia
, fibula
, metatarsals
, humerus
, radius
, ulna
, metacarpals
, phalanges
(L. fibula: brooch fibula kind of makes shape w/ tibia like a clasp;
G. tarsos: flat of the foot; L. radius: staff/ray; el: elbow/forearm; carpus: wrist; G. phalanx: battle order, array)
- support weight and facilitate movement
short:
square/cube shaped - carpals, tarsals
- provide stability, some movement
flat:
flat shape obviously- skull,
sternum
, ribs
, pelvis (G. sternon: chest; L. pelvis: basin)
- protect internal organs
irregular:
complex shape-
vertebrae
(L. vertere: to turn)
- protect internal organs, some movement
sesamoid:
embedded in tendons like sesame seed, referring to shape
-
patella
(L. patina: shallow dish)
- reinforce tendons/protect from wear
functions of skull
mechanics
- support face
- protect brain, eyes, hearing/balance organs
- movement (muscle attachments)
metabolic
- store minerals and lipids
- hematopoiesis, especially in diploe
components of skull
calvaria - cranium w/o face
(L. calvus: bald)
-
pest of
: parietal, ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal, occipital and frontal bonessplanchnocranium - facial skeleton
(G. splankhna: innards)
-
violet can not make my pet zebra laugh
: vomer, conchae (inferior nasal), nasal, maxilla, mandible, palatine, zygomatic, lacrimalassociated bones
- auditory ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes
(L. hammer, anvil, stirrup)
- hyoid
~specific features on skull bones~
sphenoid bone
(G. sphen: wedge)
- greater and lesser wings
- medial and lateral pterygoid plates
(G. pteryx: wing)
- sella turcica (
L. turkish saddle
: tuberculum sellae, hypophseal fossa, dorsum sellae; lies behind optic grooveethmoid bone
(G. ethmos: sieve)
- cribiform plate
(L. cribrum: sieve)
- crista galli
(L. crest of rooster)
palatine bone
(L. palatum: palate)
vomer
(L. ploughshare shape is similar)
mandible
- ramus
(L. branch)
: condyle, coronoid process, notch- angle
- body: mental foramen, mandibular foramen, symphysis menti
temporomandibular joint
- condylar head of ramus of mandible articulates with glenoid fossa of temporal bone
- bilaterial & synovial
sutures
of skull
- coronal, sagittal, squamosal, lambdoidal,
frontal (in infants/children) - if it remains into adulthood, metopic (found in ~5% population)
types
- serrate e.g. sagittal, coronal, lambdoidal
- lap e.g. squamosal
- plane e.g. maxillary (between each 1/2 of hard palate)
fontanelles
- only in babies; ossify as child grows to 9-18 months
- anterior and posterior
- during birth, they enable bony plates of skull to flex for baby's head to pass through birth canal
foramina
foramen magnum, external auditory meatus, supra-orbital foramen/notch, infra-orbital foramen, mental foramen, optic canal, superior orbital fissure, inferior orbital fissure, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, foramen lacerum, carotid canal, jugular foramen/notch
paranasal sinuses/pneumatic bones
- frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal,
ethmoidal (group of sinus cells)
- all communicate w/ nasal cavity
- largest communication semilunar hiatus -> maxillary sinus
functions
white hairless rednecks collapse
: weight (lighter), humidify/heat inhaled air, resonance (of voice), crumple zone (in case of impact to face)teeth
on both upper & lower jaw
2 incisors, 2 canines, 2 premolars, 3 molars,
2 wisdom teeth (varies)
sex differences in skull
- robustness
- vault: bossing/eminences, slope of forehead
- glabella
- mastoid process
- external occipital protuberance
- mental eminence
- sharpness of supraorbital margins
|end of L1|
to do:
L2 - L14
P2 - P12